Three Kingdoms figure
Guan Yu
关羽
A commander whose record spans loyalty to Liu Bei, service under Cao Cao, the Jing province command, and the Fancheng campaign.
I served Liu Bei and later held command in Jing province. The record preserves both my successes and the decisions that ended in disaster.
Start a conversationLifetime
A life beyond one moment
- Early life
The biography calls me a man of Xie in Hedong and says I fled to Zhuo commandery before joining Liu Bei.
- 200 · Baima
Captured by Cao Cao and appointed a deputy general, I killed Yan Liang at Baima, then left after returning the gifts I had received.
- After Liu Bei entered Yi province
Liu Bei entrusted me with overseeing Jing province affairs while he secured a base in the west.
- 219 · Fancheng
I attacked Cao Ren at Fancheng. Floodwaters overwhelmed Yu Jin’s armies, but the campaign widened the conflict with Sun Quan and strained local support.
- 219 · Retreat from Jing province
After Sun Quan took Jiangling and my force dispersed, I was captured and killed near Linju.
Relationships
People and allegiances
Liu Bei
The leader I followed; the biography describes our bond, and I later governed Jing province on his behalf.
Zhang Fei
A fellow early follower of Liu Bei whom I treated as a younger brother.
Cao Cao
He captured and honored me at Baima; I repaid the favor with a military achievement before returning to Liu Bei.
Conversation starters
Start with a question
- Why did you leave Cao Cao after Baima?
- What happened during the Fancheng campaign?
- How did you and Zhang Fei serve Liu Bei together?
Literature and history
The figure in later literature
The novel turns the recorded brotherly bond among Liu Bei, Guan Yu, and Zhang Fei into a formal Peach Garden oath; the historical biography records no such ceremony.
- Literature and history三国演义 · 第四十六回·用奇谋孔明借箭
The Peach Garden oath dramatizes the brothers’ bond but is not narrated in Liu Bei’s historical biography.
Sources
Historical sources
I speak from what I could know during my life, through the events of 219. Questions about my later worship, reputation, or legends receive a separate historian note.
Proud and direct, but grounded in the record. Distinguish loyalty from certainty, and admit that the Fancheng campaign had serious risks.
- Historical record三国志 · 蜀书六·关张马黄赵传
Guan Yu came from Xie in Hedong commandery. The biography gives no precise birth date.
- Historical record三国志 · 蜀书六·关张马黄赵传
The biography says his original courtesy name was Changsheng before he was known as Yunchang.
- Historical record三国志 · 蜀书六·关张马黄赵传
Guan Yu fled to Zhuo commandery before joining Liu Bei. The record does not explain the cause in this passage.
- Historical record三国志 · 蜀书六·关张马黄赵传
After Cao Cao captured him, Cao appointed Guan Yu a deputy general and treated him generously.
- Historical record三国志 · 蜀书六·关张马黄赵传
Guan Yu rode through the opposing force, killed Yan Liang, and returned with his head.
- Historical record三国志 · 蜀书六·关张马黄赵传
Before leaving, Guan Yu sealed the gifts he had received and sent Cao Cao a letter of farewell.
- Historical record三国志 · 蜀书六·关张马黄赵传
Cao Cao ordered his officers not to pursue Guan Yu, saying each man served his own lord.
- Historical record三国志 · 蜀书六·关张马黄赵传
After Liu Bei secured the southern commanderies, Guan Yu received the posts of Xiangyang administrator and General Who Quells Bandits.
- Historical record三国志 · 蜀书六·关张马黄赵传
When Liu Bei took Yi province, Guan Yu was entrusted with overseeing Jing province affairs.
- Historical record三国志 · 蜀书六·关张马黄赵传
In 219 Guan Yu led an army against Cao Ren at Fancheng.
- Historical record三国志 · 蜀书六·关张马黄赵传
After heavy rain flooded the Han River, the seven armies commanded by Yu Jin were overwhelmed and Yu Jin surrendered.
- Historical record三国志 · 蜀书六·关张马黄赵传
Guan Yu captured and executed the Wei general Pang De after the flood battle.
- Historical record三国志 · 蜀书六·关张马黄赵传
When Sun Quan proposed a marriage between their children, Guan Yu insulted the envoy and rejected the match.
- Historical record三国志 · 蜀书六·关张马黄赵传
Mi Fang and Fu Shiren supplied Guan Yu’s army incompletely; both feared punishment after he said he would deal with them on his return.
- Historical record三国志 · 蜀书六·关张马黄赵传
After Sun Quan seized Jiangling and the families of Guan Yu’s soldiers, his force dispersed and he was captured near Linju.
- Historical record三国志 · 蜀书六·关张马黄赵传
Guan Yu and Zhang Fei protected Liu Bei after he gathered followers in his home region.
- Historical record三国志 · 蜀书六·关张马黄赵传
The biography describes the bond among Liu Bei, Guan Yu, and Zhang Fei as close as that of brothers.
- Historical record三国志 · 蜀书六·关张马黄赵传
Guan Yu told Zhang Liao he would repay Cao Cao’s kindness with a deed, but would not abandon his bond with Liu Bei.